See commune on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "communer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "communise"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "communize"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "excommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "house-commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "intercommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "people's commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "urban-rural commune"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mey- (change)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Old French comune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "commūnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin commūnia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūne",
"t": "community, state"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūne (“community, state”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of comune",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commune, comune, from Old French comune, commune, from Medieval Latin commūnia, from Latin commūne (“community, state”), from commūnis (“common”). Doublet of comune. See also community, communion, common.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commune (countable and uncountable, plural communes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 1 19 12 27 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 1 20 18 19 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 4 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 32 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 4 27 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 17 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Corsican translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 24 2 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 3 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Franco-Provençal translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 3 29 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 15 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 2 30 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malagasy translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 21 2 27 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 25 2 29 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 5 24 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 1 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 17 4 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 25 2 28 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 7 21 23 17 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
167,
174
],
[
273,
280
]
],
"ref": "1975, Peter J. Seybolt, editor, The Rustication of Urban Youth in China, published 2015, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148:",
"text": "The town of Chu-chou in Hunan Province, carrying out the great directive of Chairman Mao that \"educated youths must go to the villages,\" has put into practice factory-commune links, and under the leadership of cadres, has made a collective settlement of educated youths in commune and brigade farms, forest areas, and tea plantations.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-fXkbuvzg",
"links": [
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"division of labour",
"division of labour"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "mašāʕiyya",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مَشَاعِيَّة"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "hamaynkʻ",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "համայնք"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "komúna",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кому́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "kommuuni"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "koinóvio",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κοινόβιο"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kvutsá",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קבוצה \\ קְבוּצָה"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kibúts",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קיבוץ \\ קִבּוּץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komono"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "sjd",
"lang": "Kildin Sami",
"lang_code": "sjd",
"roman": "vālšegk",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ва̄лшэгк"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 0 3 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "byalag"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 1 19 12 27 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 1 20 18 19 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 4 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 32 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 4 27 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 17 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Corsican translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 24 2 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 3 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Franco-Provençal translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 3 29 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 15 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 2 30 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malagasy translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 21 2 27 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 25 2 29 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 5 24 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 1 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 17 4 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 25 2 28 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 7 21 23 17 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A local political division in many European countries as well as their former colonies (such as Chile and Vietnam)."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-AWtGeTn-",
"links": [
[
"local",
"local"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"European",
"European"
],
[
"Chile",
"Chile"
],
[
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komunë"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "komuna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "կոմունա"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "obštiná",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "община́"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"roman": "si⁵ zan³",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "shìzhèn",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "shè",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Vietnam"
],
"word": "社"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cumune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cumuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "gemeente"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kunta"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "frp",
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "comena"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gemeinde"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "koinótita",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κοινότητα"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "sveitarfélag"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "comune"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "savivaldybė"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "Gemeng"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "opština",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "општина"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "mg",
"lang": "Malagasy",
"lang_code": "mg",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kaominina"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "komun",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dehestan",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "دهستان"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gmina"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "freguesia"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "município"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comună"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "municipiu"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "kommúna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "о̏пћина"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Latin",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȍpćina"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "občina"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "municipio"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kommun"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komün"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hromada",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "громада"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 86 2 3 2",
"alt": "社",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "xã"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The commonalty; the common people."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-4MyUqMow",
"links": [
[
"commonalty",
"commonalty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The commonalty; the common people."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 1 19 12 27 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 1 20 18 19 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 4 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 32 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 4 27 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 17 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Corsican translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 24 2 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 3 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Franco-Provençal translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 3 29 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 15 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 2 30 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malagasy translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 21 2 27 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 25 2 29 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 5 24 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 1 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 17 4 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 25 2 28 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 7 21 23 17 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
25
]
],
"ref": "1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “(please specify |part=Prologue or Rpilogue, or |canto=I to CXXIX)”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "For days of happy commune dead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-obN9tBde",
"links": [
[
"Communion",
"communion"
],
[
"sympathetic",
"sympathetic"
],
[
"conversation",
"conversation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete) Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 1 19 12 27 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 1 20 18 19 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 13 2 24 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 23 4 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 32 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 4 27 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 17 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Corsican translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 24 2 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 17 1 26 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 3 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Franco-Provençal translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 3 29 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 3 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 15 2 28 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 16 3 27 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 1 29 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kildin Sami translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 22 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 19 2 30 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malagasy translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 21 2 27 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 18 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 14 2 28 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 25 2 29 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 2 25 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 15 2 28 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 23 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 23 5 24 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 18 2 30 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 1 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 2 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 17 4 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 24 2 29 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 25 2 28 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 7 21 23 17 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"ref": "1997, David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, →ISBN, page 161:",
"text": "In 1117 the commune and archbishop had separate consuls at Milan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-noun-aJO3qqbr",
"links": [
[
"self-governing",
"self-governing"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "kŏm'yo͞on",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɒmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "käm'yo͞on",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɑmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg/En-us-commune-noun.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "communen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English communen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comuner"
},
"expansion": "Old French comuner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūnico"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūnico",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communicate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of communicate",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English communen, comunen, from Old French comuner (formed from comun (“common”)) and comunier (“to share”) (from Latin commūnico). Doublet of communicate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "communing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune (third-person singular simple present communes, present participle communing, simple past and past participle communed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 1 19 12 27 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 14 1 20 18 19 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 7 21 23 17 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
15
]
],
"ref": "c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:",
"text": "I would commune with you of such things / That want no ear but yours.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-8PxWfMr1"
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"text": "He spent a week in the backcountry, communing with nature.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-daBQSskF",
"links": [
[
"contemplate",
"contemplate"
],
[
"absorb",
"absorb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, followed by with) To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"raw_tags": [
"followed by with"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Christianity",
"orig": "en:Christianity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
64
]
],
"ref": "1681, Gilbert Burnet, “[A Collection of Records, and Original Papers; with Other Instruments Referred to in the Second Part of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England.] Book I.”, in The History of the Reformation of the Church of England. The Second Part, […], London: […] T[homas] H[odgkin] for Richard Chiswell, […], →OCLC, page 207:",
"text": "Namely, in these things, in prohibiting that none should commune alone, in making the People whole Communers, or in suffering them to Commune under both kinds […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To receive the communion."
],
"id": "en-commune-en-verb-LZAEfWvS",
"links": [
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"communion",
"communion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Christianity, intransitive) To receive the communion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "kəmyo͞on'"
},
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmjuːn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg/En-us-commune-verb.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "komune"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "fro",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Old French commune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "communia"
},
"expansion": "Latin communia",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch commune, from Old French commune, from Latin communia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "communetje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-s",
"3": "+"
},
"expansion": "commune f (plural communes, diminutive communetje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"com",
"mu",
"ne"
]
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 7 5 0 9 7 8 1 1 0 1 8 0 0 2 7 10 1 0 4 0 0 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 5 0 8 6 9 1 1 0 1 9 0 0 3 9 13 1 0 5 0 0 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a commune (community living together with common property)"
],
"id": "en-commune-nl-noun-PiuHkCY-",
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌkɔˈmynə/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Nl-commune.ogg/Nl-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Nl-commune.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ynə"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "komin"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Malagasy",
"lang_code": "mg",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kaominina"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "komun",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "kommúna",
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommun"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "komün"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+ in France"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "communia"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin communia",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin communia, neuter plural of communis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "commune f (plural communes)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"commune (administrative subdivision)"
],
"id": "en-commune-fr-noun-~7kdG97h",
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 8 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
95,
102
],
[
240,
247
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
112,
119
],
[
246,
253
]
],
"english": "Hence the analysis provided in Capital does not adduce reasons either for or against the viability of the rural commune, but the special study I have made of it, and the material for which I drew from original sources, has convinced me that this commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia, but in order that it may function as such, it would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it from all sides, and then ensure for it the normal conditions of spontaneous development.",
"ref": "1967 [1881 March 8], Roger Dangeville, quoting Karl Marx, “Lettres de Marx à Véra Zassoulitch”, in L'homme et la société, number 5, page 179; English translation from “Marx to Vera Zasulich”, in Marx/Engels Collected Works, volume 46, 1992, pages 71-72:",
"text": "L’analyse donnée dans le «Capital» n’offre donc de raisons ni pour ni contre la vitalité de la commune rurale, mais l’étude spéciale que j’en ai faite, et dont j’ai cherché les matériaux dans les sources originales, m’a convaincu que cette commune est le point d’appui de la régénération sociale en Russie; mais afin qu’elle puisse fonctionner comme tel, il faudrait d’abord éliminer les influences délétères qui l’assaillent de tous les côtés et ensuite lui assurer les conditions normales d’un développement spontané.",
"translation": "Hence the analysis provided in Capital does not adduce reasons either for or against the viability of the rural commune, but the special study I have made of it, and the material for which I drew from original sources, has convinced me that this commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia, but in order that it may function as such, it would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it from all sides, and then ensure for it the normal conditions of spontaneous development.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commune (community living together with common property)"
],
"id": "en-commune-fr-noun-nMCnL0HS",
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ.myn/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg/Fr-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commun"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine singular of commun"
],
"id": "en-commune-fr-adj-OT-2c9g1",
"links": [
[
"commun",
"commun#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ.myn/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg/Fr-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "communi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune m or f by sense (plural communi)",
"name": "it-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comune"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comune"
],
"id": "en-commune-it-adj-pYY0OqYy",
"links": [
[
"comune",
"comune#Italian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) alternative form of comune"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"by-personal-gender",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "communi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "commune m (plural communi)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comune"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "communità"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comune"
],
"id": "en-commune-it-noun-pYY0OqYy",
"links": [
[
"comune",
"comune#Italian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) alternative form of comune"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "commūne",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "commūne<3>"
},
"expansion": "commūne n (genitive commūnis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "commūne<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"joint, common or public property and rights"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-6dR5qUOo",
"links": [
[
"joint",
"joint"
],
[
"common",
"common"
],
[
"public",
"public"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"rights",
"rights"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 8 6 0 8 6 9 2 2 1 2 9 1 1 3 8 11 1 0 4 1 1 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 5 0 8 6 9 1 1 0 1 9 0 0 3 9 13 1 0 5 0 0 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 27 40 4 1 15 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"public places and interests"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-zrbsScu8",
"links": [
[
"places",
"places"
],
[
"interests",
"interests"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"common feature, characteristic, general rule or terms"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-6OiehRjJ",
"links": [
[
"feature",
"feature"
],
[
"characteristic",
"characteristic"
],
[
"general",
"general"
],
[
"rule",
"rule"
],
[
"terms",
"terms"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"general"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-D-rhbVU2",
"links": [
[
"general",
"general"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"league or corporation of citizens"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-diaqT6Mh",
"links": [
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"corporation",
"corporation"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) league or corporation of citizens"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a universal tax"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-noun-nZcu70xS",
"links": [
[
"tax",
"tax"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) a universal tax"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "commūne",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "adjective form",
"head": "commūne"
},
"expansion": "commūne",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "68 6 7 7 3 3 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commūnis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of commūnis"
],
"id": "en-commune-la-adj-0ZFLBFj0",
"links": [
[
"commūnis",
"communis#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,\nBoth by his lords and by his citizenry.",
"ref": "late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 69-70",
"roman": "Bothe of his lordes and of his commune.",
"text": "[...] Biloved and drad, thurgh favour of fortune,",
"translation": "… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,\nBoth by his lords and by his citizenry.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commons; citizenry"
],
"id": "en-commune-enm-noun-yvSvz3xx",
"links": [
[
"commons",
"commons"
],
[
"citizenry",
"citizenry"
]
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comun"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comun"
],
"id": "en-commune-enm-adj-7mReXXn0",
"links": [
[
"comun",
"comun#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "komune"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "fro",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Old French commune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "communia"
},
"expansion": "Latin communia",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch commune, from Old French commune, from Latin communia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "communetje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-s",
"3": "+"
},
"expansion": "commune f (plural communes, diminutive communetje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"com",
"mu",
"ne"
]
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine nouns",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -s",
"Dutch nouns with red links in their headword lines",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old French",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ynə"
],
"glosses": [
"a commune (community living together with common property)"
],
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌkɔˈmynə/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Nl-commune.ogg/Nl-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Nl-commune.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ynə"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (change)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Icelandic translations",
"Rhymes:English/uːn",
"Rhymes:English/uːn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Corsican translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Franco-Provençal translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Kildin Sami translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malagasy translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Collectives"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "communer"
},
{
"word": "communise"
},
{
"word": "communize"
},
{
"word": "excommune"
},
{
"word": "house-commune"
},
{
"word": "intercommune"
},
{
"word": "people's commune"
},
{
"word": "urban-rural commune"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mey- (change)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commune",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Old French comune",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "commūnia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin commūnia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūne",
"t": "community, state"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūne (“community, state”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comune"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of comune",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commune, comune, from Old French comune, commune, from Medieval Latin commūnia, from Latin commūne (“community, state”), from commūnis (“common”). Doublet of comune. See also community, communion, common.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commune (countable and uncountable, plural communes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
167,
174
],
[
273,
280
]
],
"ref": "1975, Peter J. Seybolt, editor, The Rustication of Urban Youth in China, published 2015, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148:",
"text": "The town of Chu-chou in Hunan Province, carrying out the great directive of Chairman Mao that \"educated youths must go to the villages,\" has put into practice factory-commune links, and under the leadership of cadres, has made a collective settlement of educated youths in commune and brigade farms, forest areas, and tea plantations.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community."
],
"links": [
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"rural",
"rural"
],
[
"division of labour",
"division of labour"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A local political division in many European countries as well as their former colonies (such as Chile and Vietnam)."
],
"links": [
[
"local",
"local"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"European",
"European"
],
[
"Chile",
"Chile"
],
[
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The commonalty; the common people."
],
"links": [
[
"commonalty",
"commonalty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The commonalty; the common people."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
25
]
],
"ref": "1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “(please specify |part=Prologue or Rpilogue, or |canto=I to CXXIX)”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "For days of happy commune dead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"links": [
[
"Communion",
"communion"
],
[
"sympathetic",
"sympathetic"
],
[
"conversation",
"conversation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, obsolete) Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"ref": "1997, David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, →ISBN, page 161:",
"text": "In 1117 the commune and archbishop had separate consuls at Milan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"links": [
[
"self-governing",
"self-governing"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A self-governing city or league of citizens."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "kŏm'yo͞on",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɒmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "käm'yo͞on",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɑmjuːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-noun.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg/En-us-commune-noun.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-commune-noun.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "mašāʕiyya",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مَشَاعِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "hamaynkʻ",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "համայնք"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "komúna",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кому́на"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "kommuuni"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "koinóvio",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "κοινόβιο"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kvutsá",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "קבוצה \\ קְבוּצָה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "kibúts",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קיבוץ \\ קִבּוּץ"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komono"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"code": "sjd",
"lang": "Kildin Sami",
"lang_code": "sjd",
"roman": "vālšegk",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "ва̄лшэгк"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community",
"word": "byalag"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komunë"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "komuna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "կոմունա"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "obštiná",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "община́"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"roman": "si⁵ zan³",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "shìzhèn",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "市镇"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "shè",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Vietnam"
],
"word": "社"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cumune"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cumuna"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "gemeente"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kunta"
},
{
"code": "frp",
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "comena"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commune"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gemeinde"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "koinótita",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "κοινότητα"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "sveitarfélag"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komune"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "comune"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "sɑɑsɑngkat",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "សង្កាត់"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "khum",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "ឃុំ"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "savivaldybė"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "Gemeng"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "opština",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "општина"
},
{
"code": "mg",
"lang": "Malagasy",
"lang_code": "mg",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kaominina"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "komun",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "dehestan",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "دهستان"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gmina"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "freguesia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "município"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comună"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "municipiu"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "kommúna",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "obščína",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "общи́на"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "о̏пћина"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"Latin",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȍpćina"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "obec"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "občina"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "municipio"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "kommun"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "komün"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hromada",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "громада"
},
{
"alt": "社",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "local political division in many European countries and their former colonies",
"word": "xã"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/uːn",
"Rhymes:English/uːn/2 syllables",
"en:Collectives"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "communen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English communen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "comuner"
},
"expansion": "Old French comuner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūnico"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūnico",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "communicate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of communicate",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English communen, comunen, from Old French comuner (formed from comun (“common”)) and comunier (“to share”) (from Latin commūnico). Doublet of communicate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "communing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "communed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune (third-person singular simple present communes, present participle communing, simple past and past participle communed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
15
]
],
"ref": "c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:",
"text": "I would commune with you of such things / That want no ear but yours.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"text": "He spent a week in the backcountry, communing with nature.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"links": [
[
"contemplate",
"contemplate"
],
[
"absorb",
"absorb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, followed by with) To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb."
],
"raw_tags": [
"followed by with"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Christianity"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
64
]
],
"ref": "1681, Gilbert Burnet, “[A Collection of Records, and Original Papers; with Other Instruments Referred to in the Second Part of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England.] Book I.”, in The History of the Reformation of the Church of England. The Second Part, […], London: […] T[homas] H[odgkin] for Richard Chiswell, […], →OCLC, page 207:",
"text": "Namely, in these things, in prohibiting that none should commune alone, in making the People whole Communers, or in suffering them to Commune under both kinds […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To receive the communion."
],
"links": [
[
"Christianity",
"Christianity"
],
[
"communion",
"communion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Christianity, intransitive) To receive the communion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"Christianity"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "kəmyo͞on'"
},
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmjuːn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-commune-verb.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg/En-us-commune-verb.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/En-us-commune-verb.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːn"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 2-syllable words",
"French adjective forms",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French non-lemma forms",
"French nouns",
"French terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"French terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "komin"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Malagasy",
"lang_code": "mg",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kaominina"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommune"
},
{
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "komun",
"word": "کمون"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "kommúna",
"word": "комму́на"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "comuna"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "kommun"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "komün"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+ in France"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "communia"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin communia",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin communia, neuter plural of communis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "communes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "commune f (plural communes)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"commune (administrative subdivision)"
],
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
95,
102
],
[
240,
247
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
112,
119
],
[
246,
253
]
],
"english": "Hence the analysis provided in Capital does not adduce reasons either for or against the viability of the rural commune, but the special study I have made of it, and the material for which I drew from original sources, has convinced me that this commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia, but in order that it may function as such, it would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it from all sides, and then ensure for it the normal conditions of spontaneous development.",
"ref": "1967 [1881 March 8], Roger Dangeville, quoting Karl Marx, “Lettres de Marx à Véra Zassoulitch”, in L'homme et la société, number 5, page 179; English translation from “Marx to Vera Zasulich”, in Marx/Engels Collected Works, volume 46, 1992, pages 71-72:",
"text": "L’analyse donnée dans le «Capital» n’offre donc de raisons ni pour ni contre la vitalité de la commune rurale, mais l’étude spéciale que j’en ai faite, et dont j’ai cherché les matériaux dans les sources originales, m’a convaincu que cette commune est le point d’appui de la régénération sociale en Russie; mais afin qu’elle puisse fonctionner comme tel, il faudrait d’abord éliminer les influences délétères qui l’assaillent de tous les côtés et ensuite lui assurer les conditions normales d’un développement spontané.",
"translation": "Hence the analysis provided in Capital does not adduce reasons either for or against the viability of the rural commune, but the special study I have made of it, and the material for which I drew from original sources, has convinced me that this commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia, but in order that it may function as such, it would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it from all sides, and then ensure for it the normal conditions of spontaneous development.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commune (community living together with common property)"
],
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ.myn/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg/Fr-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 2-syllable words",
"French adjective forms",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French non-lemma forms",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commun"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine singular of commun"
],
"links": [
[
"commun",
"commun#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɔ.myn/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-commune.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg/Fr-commune.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Fr-commune.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-commune.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-commune.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-commune.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian adjectives",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian epicene adjectives",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian masculine nouns",
"Italian nouns",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "communi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commune m or f by sense (plural communi)",
"name": "it-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comune"
}
],
"categories": [
"Italian obsolete terms"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comune"
],
"links": [
[
"comune",
"comune#Italian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) alternative form of comune"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"by-personal-gender",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian adjectives",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian epicene adjectives",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian masculine nouns",
"Italian nouns",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "communità"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "communi",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "commune m (plural communi)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comune"
}
],
"categories": [
"Italian obsolete terms"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comune"
],
"links": [
[
"comune",
"comune#Italian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) alternative form of comune"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin adjective forms",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "commūne",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "commūne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "commūnia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "commūne<3>"
},
"expansion": "commūne n (genitive commūnis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "commūne<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"joint, common or public property and rights"
],
"links": [
[
"joint",
"joint"
],
[
"common",
"common"
],
[
"public",
"public"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"rights",
"rights"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"public places and interests"
],
"links": [
[
"places",
"places"
],
[
"interests",
"interests"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"common feature, characteristic, general rule or terms"
],
"links": [
[
"feature",
"feature"
],
[
"characteristic",
"characteristic"
],
[
"general",
"general"
],
[
"rule",
"rule"
],
[
"terms",
"terms"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"general"
],
"links": [
[
"general",
"general"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Medieval Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"league or corporation of citizens"
],
"links": [
[
"league",
"league"
],
[
"corporation",
"corporation"
],
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) league or corporation of citizens"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-3"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Medieval Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"a universal tax"
],
"links": [
[
"tax",
"tax"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) a universal tax"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin adjective forms",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "commūne",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "adjective form",
"head": "commūne"
},
"expansion": "commūne",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commūnis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of commūnis"
],
"links": [
[
"commūnis",
"communis#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,\nBoth by his lords and by his citizenry.",
"ref": "late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 69-70",
"roman": "Bothe of his lordes and of his commune.",
"text": "[...] Biloved and drad, thurgh favour of fortune,",
"translation": "… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,\nBoth by his lords and by his citizenry.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commons; citizenry"
],
"links": [
[
"commons",
"commons"
],
[
"citizenry",
"citizenry"
]
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "commune",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "comun"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of comun"
],
"links": [
[
"comun",
"comun#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "commune"
}
Download raw JSONL data for commune meaning in All languages combined (40.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.